112 АТЕИЗМ в раннем Исламе. Вольнодумцы халифата. Ар-Рази, Аль Раванди, Аль Маарри, О

Это эпизод о вольнодумцах в раннем Исламе, в частности, в Аббасидском Халифате, особенно в Багдаде времен "Золотого Века Ислама".

Библиография:

Stroumsa, S. 1999. Freethinkers of Medieval Islam: Ibn al Rawandı, Abu Bakr al Razı, and Their Impact on Islamic Thought. Leiden: Brill.

The Cambridge History of Atheism edited by Stephen Bullivant & Michael Ruse. Cambridge University Press (2021).

Stephens, Mitchell. 2014. Imagine Theres No Heaven: How Atheism Helped Create the Modern World. St. Martins Press

Whitaker, Brian. 2014. Arabs Without God: Atheism and freedom of belief in the Middle East.

AbuSulayman AbdulHamid. 2013. Apostates, Islam & Freedom of Faith. Change of Conviction VS Change of Allegiance. International Institute of Islamic Thought.

Cottee, Simon. 2015. The Apostates: When Muslims Leave Islam.

Eller Jack David. 2010. Atheism and Secularity in the Arab World. In Atheism and Secularity. Edited by Phil Zuckerman. Praeger Perspectives. Volume 2.

Shahab Ahmed, What is Islam? The Importance of Being Islamic (Princeton University Press, 2016)

Kraus, Paul. 1934. ‘Beiträge zur islamischen Ketzergeschichte: Das Kitab al zumurrud des Ibn al Rawandı’. Rivista degli studi orientali

Lamptey, Jerusha Tanner. 2014. Never Wholly Other: A Muslima Theology of Religious Pluralism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Вольнодумцы:

поэт Абу Нувас

Омар Хайам

Аль-Раванди или Ар-Раванди

Ар-Рази

Аль-Маарри